Flora of NorthEast India
WWF
has identified the entire Eastern Himalayas as a priority Global 200
Ecoregion while Conservation International has upscaled the Eastern Himalaya
Hotspot which initially covered the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Darjeeling Hills, Bhutan, and Southern
China to the Indo Burma Hotspot (Myers 2000) which now includes all the eight
states of North-East India, along with the neighbouring countries of Bhutan,
southern China and Myanmar. The richness of the region’s avifauna largely
reflects the diversity of habitats associated with a wide altitudinal range.
North East India supports some of the highest bird diversities in the orient
with about 850 bird species. The Eastern Himalaya and the Assam plains have
been identified as an Endemic Bird Area
by the Royal Society for Protection of Birds, (ICBP 1992). The global
distribution of 24 restricted-range species is limited to the region. The
region’s lowland and montane moist-to-wet tropical evergreen forests are
considered to be the northernmost limit of true tropical rainforests in the
world
The region has been identified by the Indian
Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)
as a centre of rice germplasm while the National Bureau of Plant Genetic
Resources (NBPGR), India, has highlighted the region as being rich in wild
relatives of crop plants. It is the centre of origin of citrus fruits. Two
primitive variety of maize, Sikkim Primitive 1 and 2 have been reported from
Sikkim (Dhawan, 1964). Although jhum cultivation, a traditional system of
agriculture, is often cited as a reason for the loss of forest cover of the
region, this primary agricultural economic activity practised by local tribes
reflects the usage of 35 varieties of crops. The region is rich in medicinal
plants and many other rare and endangered taxa. Its high endemism in both
higher plants, vertebrates and avian diversity has qualified it to be a
biodiversity ‘hotspot’ and this aspect has been elaborated in details in the subsequent
sections. IUCN in 1995 identified Namdapha in Arunachal Pradesh as a centre of
plant diversity.
The following figures highlight the biodiersity significance of the
region:
- 51 forest types are found in the region broadly classified into six
major types — tropical moist deciduous forests, tropical semi evergreen
forests, tropical wet evergreen forests, subtropical forests, temperate forests
and alpine forests.
- Out of the nine important vegetation types of India, six are found
in the North Eastern region.
- These forests harbour 80,000 out of 15,000 species of flowering
plants. In floral species richness, the highest diversity is reported from
the states of Arunachal Pradesh
(5000 species) and Sikkim (4500
species) amongst the North Eastern States.
- According to the Indian Red data book published by the Botanical
Survey of India, 10 percent of the flowering plants in the country are
endangered. Of the 1500 endangered floral species, 800 are reported from
North East India.
- Most of the North Eastern states have more than 60% of their area
under forest cover, a minimum suggested coverage for the hill states in
the country.
- North East India is a part of Indo-Burma 'hotspot'. The hotspot is
the world's second largest, next only to the Mediterranean basin with an
area 2,20,60,000 km2 among the 25 identified.
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